Persian, the literary language of the royal court, was more widely used in government institutions, while the Pashtun tribes spoke Pashto as their native tongue. Since the early 18th century, the monarchs of Afghanistan have been ethnic Pashtuns (except for Habibullāh Kalakāni in 1929). Pashto is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan, along with Dari Persian. Pashtun diaspora communities in other countries around the world speak Pashto, especially the sizable communities in the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia. In India most ethnic Pashtun (Pathan) peoples speak the geographically native Hindi-Urdu language rather than Pashto, but there are small numbers of Pashto speakers, such as the Sheen Khalai in Rajasthan, and the Pathan community in the city of Kolkata, often nicknamed the Kabuliwala ("people of Kabul"). Other communities of Pashto speakers are found in India, Tajikistan, and northeastern Iran (primarily in South Khorasan Province to the east of Qaen, near the Afghan border). Pashto speakers are found in other major cities of Pakistan, most notably Karachi, Sindh, which may have the largest Pashtun population of any city in the world. It is also spoken in parts of Mianwali and Attock districts of the Punjab province, areas of Gilgit-Baltistan and in Islamabad. In Pakistan, Pashto is spoken by 15% of its population, mainly in the northwestern province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern districts of Balochistan province. The exact number of speakers is unavailable, but different estimates show that Pashto is the mother tongue of 45–60% of the total population of Afghanistan. įurther information: Languages of Afghanistan and Languages of PakistanĪ national language of Afghanistan, Pashto is primarily spoken in the east, south, and southwest, but also in some northern and western parts of the country. Pashto is "one of the primary markers of ethnic identity" amongst Pashtuns. The total number of Pashto speakers is at least 40 million, although some estimates place it as high as 60 million. Likewise, it is the primary language of the Pashtun diaspora around the world. Spoken as a native language mostly by ethnic Pashtuns, it is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan, and is the second-largest regional language in Pakistan, mainly spoken in the northwestern province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the northern districts of the Balochistan province. It is known in Persian literature as Afghani ( افغانی, Afghāni). Pashto ( / ˈ p ʌ ʃ t oʊ/, / ˈ p æ ʃ t oʊ/ پښتو / Pəx̌tó, ), sometimes spelled Pukhto or Pakhto, is an Eastern Iranian language of the Indo-European family. Without proper rendering support, you may see unjoined letters or other symbols instead of Pashto script. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. Ministry of Higher.This article contains IPA phonetic symbols.
Pashto DOWNLOAD PDF Subject-verb agreement in English and Pashto a comparative study. Pashtuns are of ancient Iranian origin and lived in Afghanistan years before other ethnic groups in Afghanistan.Ī Reference Grammar of Pashto. Other communities of Pashto speakers are found in Tajikistan, and further in the Pashtun diaspora. There are also many Pashtun speakers in the major cities of Pakistan. As a national language of Afghanistan, Pashto is primarily spoken in the east, south, and southwest, but also in some northern and western parts of the country. Pashto belongs to the Northeastern Iranian group of the Indo-Iranian branch, but Ethnologue lists it as Southeastern Iranian. The total number of Pashto-speakers is estimated to be 45-60 million people worldwide. Pashto is the primary language of the Pashtun diaspora around the world. English to Urdu and Urdu to English Dictionary. About English to Pashto Dictionary Phrases. This dictionary is funded in part by the U. In this way Afghan children not only learn the literacy skills they need but also become familiar with these classic stories, think about them and learn from them. Effective readers use a dictionary to understand new or difficult words.